• Epic minor loop

    i – ♭VI – ♭III – ♭VII

    1. Cm
    2. A♭
    3. E♭
    4. B♭

    in C minor · 4 beats per chord

    Used in: Zombie (The Cranberries) · Numb (Linkin Park)

    Chords in every key →
  • Andalusian cadence

    i – ♭VII – ♭VI – V

    1. Cm
    2. B♭
    3. A♭
    4. G

    in C minor · 4 beats per chord

    Used in: Hit the Road Jack (Ray Charles) · Sultans of Swing (Dire Straits) · Runaway (Del Shannon)

    Chords in every key →
  • Minor three-chord progression

    i – iv – V

    1. Cm
    2. Fm
    3. G

    in C minor · 4 beats per chord

    Chords in every key →
  • Minor anthem progression

    i – ♭VI – ♭VII

    1. Cm
    2. A♭
    3. B♭

    in C minor · 4 beats per chord

    Used in: Rolling in the Deep (chorus) (Adele)

    Chords in every key →

Samples: Salamander Grand Piano (CC-BY 3.0)

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i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII chord progression — how it works

The i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression steps down from the minor tonic through the two major chords below it and back up, never touching a dominant, so it circles with a restless, natural-minor drive — the engine of many folk-rock and hard-rock verses.

It moves from the tonic (i) to the flat seventh (subtonic) (♭VII) to the flat sixth (♭VI) to the flat seventh (subtonic) (♭VII) and then repeats. Each chord lasts 4 beats, so one pass of the 4 chords is 4 bars of 4/4.

In A minor the chords are Am – G – F – G; in E minor they are Em – D – C – D. Press play above to hear the progression, then pick the key that fits your voice or your song and set the tempo you want to practise at.

i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII in every key

The numerals stay the same; only the chords change. Find your key below, or pick it in the player above to hear it.

KeyChords
C minorCm – B♭ – A♭ – B♭
C♯ minorC♯m – B – A – B
D minorDm – C – B♭ – C
D♯ minorD♯m – C♯ – B – C♯
E minorEm – D – C – D
F minorFm – E♭ – D♭ – E♭
F♯ minorF♯m – E – D – E
G minorGm – F – E♭ – F
G♯ minorG♯m – F♯ – E – F♯
A minorAm – G – F – G
B♭ minorB♭m – A♭ – G♭ – A♭
B minorBm – A – G – A

Songs that use it

Well-known songs built on this progression, at least in the section each is known for:

  • All Along the Watchtower Bob Dylan

Frequently asked questions

What chords are in the i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression in A minor?
In A minor the i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression is Am – G – F – G. The same numerals give Em – D – C – D in E minor; the table above lists all twelve keys.
What is the i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression called?
i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII is known as the Aeolian descent, and also as the 1–7–6–7 in minor and Watchtower progression. The i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression steps down from the minor tonic through the two major chords below it and back up, never touching a dominant, so it circles with a restless, natural-minor drive — the engine of many folk-rock and hard-rock verses.
How long is the i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression?
Each chord lasts 4 beats, so one pass of the 4 chords is 4 bars of 4/4. Loop it to keep the harmony going under a verse or a solo.
What songs use the i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII progression?
"All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan is built on it, at least in the section each is known for.